There may be plenty of exciting ideas around that could help
solve hunger, poverty and lack of access to energy. But the problem is
persuading people to adopt them and roll them out on a large scale in poor,
marginalised communities.
For instance, at the Convergences 2015 Forum in Paris last
month, a photo exhibition entitled Innovate against Hunger, by the
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT),
presented several agricultural innovations that are helping farmers cope with
drier weather and more unpredictable rainfall. Low-pressure drip irrigation,
small seed packets, and bio-reclamation of degraded lands are all boosting
yields and incomes, while boosting people’s resilience.
At the same time, the images showed that technology alone is
not enough to drive development. You also need good ways to scale it up – for
example, social venture models to mass-market goods or training videos made by
farmers for other farmers.
One example of how hard it is to get this right is the slow
progress in popularising “clean biomass cookstoves” among the poor, despite a
Global Alliance launched two years ago by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton.
Three billion people rely on open fires or polluting, inefficient
biomass stoves for cooking and heating. These households, made up largely of
women and young children, are exposed to harmful indoor air pollution, causing
1.6 million deaths each year, according to the World Health Organization. This
is the second-biggest cause of death in developing nations, ahead of well-known
diseases such as malaria or tuberculosis.
Several NGOs and social enterprises - including Prakti
Design, which received an international award for innovative partnerships
towards poverty alleviation at the Paris forum - are tackling the challenge of
marketing fuel-efficient and smokeless stoves to the poorest in society. The
aim is to save lives, but also to protect trees and incomes.
CHEAP COMPETITION
In wood-scarce countries like Haiti, where over 70 percent
of the population depend on biomass (charcoal and firewood) for cooking and
spend up to 40 percent of their income on fuel, you might think that getting
people to use stoves that work on half the amount of fuel would be easy.
But according to Mouhsine Serrar, the CEO and founder of
Prakti Design, it is not. The main obstacle, he says, is the economics of
biomass cookstoves. Crude clay stoves are popular because they can be cobbled
together for almost nothing. Indian traditional mud stoves, known as chulhas,
for example, cost as little as 50 rupees ($1) to buy.
In many regions, women and girls collect firewood, cow dung
and other biomass fuels “for free”, spending as much as 20 hours a week on this
activity. This is time they can not spend on improving their livelihoods. But
because they do not know of any other way to get the fuel they need, they just
carry on.
As developers of clean stoves are competing with cheap,
locally produced stoves that burn “free” fuel, their improved products need to
add significant value if people are to start using them in large numbers. They
must show much greater fuel efficiency and a drastic reduction in emissions
that leads to better health.
FINDING PARTNERS
Thorough field research with the end-users is also needed to
adapt the new stoves to local cooking habits, and keep them affordable, yet
attractive for the cook.
Clean stove organisations then have to invest massively in
communicating their benefits to a market that is often geographically
scattered, socially diverse and has limited access to media.
Even then, there is a distribution challenge as stoves are
used mainly by women, while men - who often make household purchasing decisions
- tend to know little about them.
Building partnerships is a key step in reaching the people
you want to buy and use the stoves. Collaborating with grassroots groups and
local authorities can raise awareness and bring about social change. Funding
from micro-finance institutions can make the product more affordable.
NGOs, the private sector and the community can work together
to set up a sound and cost-effective distribution network. Social investors can
also provide financial support, as they think beyond a simple return-on-investment
ratio.
Making this happen is a long and sometimes rocky road. As
Serrar, the head of Prakti Design, said: “A good partnership… is like (finding
your) Prince Charming - you need to kiss several to find the ONE."
Jerome Bossuet is a communications specialist
with the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT).
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